中英文全面解读GIA钻石证书的12条款

　　giazuanshifenjizhengshushiguojishangdoutongyongdezuanshijiandingzhengshu，shizuanshizhiliangzuiyoulidebaozheng，danshi，nihuikangiazuanshizhengshuma?wangshangguanyugiazhengshudejiedugengshicanchabuqi，xiamianxiaobianjiuyongzhongyingwenweidajiaquanmianzhuyijieduyixiagiazuanshizhengshude12tiaokuan，shidajiaduizuanshigiazhengshuyouyigegengweiquanmianqingxidelejie。

　　一、形状和切工(SHAPE & CUTTING STYLE)

　　zuanshidexingzhuang (shape)shizhiqizhengquelunkuo，jiyaoweicengdexingzhuang，liru：ganlanxing、yuanxing、xinxing….deng。zuanshideqiegong(cut)shizuanshi4cdengjizhongdediyigec，yinkemiandexingzhuang、shuliangjiqipailiefangshidebutong，huiyoubutongdexingshi，ru：mingliangxing(brilliant)、jietixing(step)、hunheshi(mixed)…dengdeng。

　　二、尺寸(MEASUREMENTS)

　　celiangzuanshidechicunjunyihaomi(millimeterhuosuoxiechengmm)weidanwei，jiluzhihaomiyixiadedierweixiaoshuweizhi。youyumeiciceliangdebuyidinghuitongyigebuwei，erqieshiyongbutongdebaoshiceliangkachihuiyouweixiaodewucha，suoyitongyangyikezuanshiruoyouerfenbutongzhengshu，qichicunhuishaoyoubutong，qianhouercideceliang，tongyanghuiyoubuxiangtongdejieguo，danyibuchaochu0.02mmweixiandu。

　　yuanzuanzaifenlikachidejingmiceliangxiabingbuchunyuan，suoyijiluzuixiaojizuidazhijing(diameter)hequanshen(total depth，jizhenggezuanshidehoudu)，huashizuanshijiluqizhang、kuan、gao，yincidouyousanxiangchicunshuzi。

　　三、重量(WEIGHT)

　　1kela=0.2ke=100fen。kelademingzilaiyuanhenyouqu，chuanshuozhongzaizhongdongyouyizhongcihuaishu，tasuojiedezidezhonglianghedaxiaoxiangdangyizhi。zheizhongshudeyingwenmingchengweicarob tree，gushihouyouzhenzhushangzuixianjiangqisuojiedezizuoweizhenzhuzhongliangdanwei，zheibianshicarat，jikelazuoweizhongliangdanweidelaiyuan。kelaxianyipubianyongweisuobaoshidezhongliangdanwei，gangkaishideshihoumeigeguojiadiqudekelazhonglianghuiyouchuru，danzi1913nianmeiguoguiding1keladengyuerbaihaokehou，qitaguojiajunyicizuoweibiaozhun，congcibuzaiyouchabie。

　　四、全深百分比(DEPTH)

　　jiluquanshenbaifenbidezhuyaomudezaiyulejiegaikezuanshidedagaihouboqingxing，baifenbiyueda，biaoshigaizuanshiyuehou，yuexiaobiaoshiyuebo。danshizuanshidequanshenshouzhuomiandaxiao、guanbugaodu、yaoweihoudujidibushendudeyingxiang，qizhongyouyizhuomiandaxiaodebianhuazuiduo，zhuomiandashizeguanbubo，yizhiquanshenbaifenbishuxiao，fanzhiquanshenbaifenbishuda。lixiangdeguanbujiaoduyingwei34 1/2°，dibushenduwei43.1%。danshenjushijiguanchadejingyan，guanbujiaoduruoyu32°zhi36°fanweinei，dibushenducong42.5%zhi45.5%zhijian，zuanshidounengfahuiqiguangcai，youyugezhongfangxiangerbingbuzimouyitedingweizhiguanchashiweiran。zuanshideqiemobili(proportions)zhuyaobaohanyixiajixiang，bingyiyaoweidekuandu(yuanzuanzeweipingjunkuandu)zuowei1，huoxie100%zuojizhun：

　　(1)zhuomianbaifenbi(table%)，

　　(2)quanshenbaifenbi(depth%)，

　　(3)jiandidaxiao(culet size)，yijishuyubiaomianxiushide，

　　(4)yaoweihoudu(girdle thickness)，

　　(5)duicheng(symmetry)，

　　(6)moguang，huochengpaoguang(polish)。

　　yuanzuandequanshenbaifenbixijiangquanshen(houdu)chuyizuixiaoyuzuidazhijingdepingjunshu，zaihuaweibaifenbiersuodezhishu，huanyanzhi，jiweizuanshihouduyuzhijingdebaifenbi。

　　quanshenbaifenbijisuanzhixiaoshudianyixiadiyiwei，dierweisishewuru。

　　liru：yuanzuan：zhijing6.50-6.59houdu3.83→ (6.50+6.59)/2=6.545=6.55(sishewuru)3.83/6.55=0.5847=58.5%=quanshenbaifenbi。

　　huashizuanshijianggao(quanshen)chuyikuandujide，erbujiqizhangdu。

　　huashizuanshi：zhang13.18kuan8.24gao5.45→ 5.45/8.24=0.6614=66.1%=quanshenbaifenbi。

　　五、桌面百分比(TABLE%)

　　yuanzuanzhuomianzuizhangyizuduijiaoxiandezhangduchuyizhijingdepingjunshu、huashizuanshiyizhuomiankuanduchuyizuanshikuandu，suodedebaifenbijiweizhuomianbaifenbi。zhuomianbaifenbijisuanzhizhengshuweizhi，xiaoshudiansishewuru。duizhuomianlaiyan，yingxiangzhuomiandaxiaozuimingxiandeshiguanbuhoudu。chuleguanbuhouduwai，zhuomiandaxiaoshangshouguanbuhoududeyingxiang，ruguanbuweichiyidingdehoudu，zeguanbujiaoduyuedashizhuomianyueda，yuexiaoshizhuomianyiyuexiao。 zaijindaizuanshiqiemolilunzhong，zuiyinqizhengyideshizhuomiandaxiao，qijinshangwujueduibiaozhun。zaiguanbujiaoduhehulixiangde34 1/2°shi，zuichangjiandezhuomianwei58%zhi65%，guozihuoguodadezhuomianbingbushiyibanrensuoxihuande。

　　genjumeiguobaoshixueyuanxianxingduizuanshiqiemofenjidejianyi，zhuomianyiqidaxiaokefenweixialiesizhongleixing：

　　xiaoxingzhuomian：53%zhi60%

　　zhongxingzhuomian：61%zhi64%

　　daxingzhuomian：65%zhi70%

　　chaodaxingzhuomian：71%huoyishang。

　　zhuomiandaxiaoduiliangguang、huoguangyijiwaiguandaxiaodeyingxiang：

　　zhuomianjiaoxiao　　　　　　　zhuomianjiaoda

　　liangguang　　　　jiaomiji(ganjueshao)　　　jiaokuosan(ganjueduo)

　　huoguang　　　　jiaoduo　　　　　　　　　jiaoshao

　　waiguandaxiao　　jiaoxiao　　　　　　　　　jiaoda

　　六.腰围

　　jiandingzhengshushangdeyaoweilan，suojizaidebaokuoxialieerxiang：

　　(yi)houdu(girdle thickness)：yaoweidehouduyiciqufenweixialiebazhongqingxing：

　　1. extremely thin jibo

　　2. very thin henbo-shangke

　　3. THIN 薄

　　4. medium shizhong

　　5. slightly thick shaohou

　　6. thick hou-shangke

　　7. very thick henhou

　　8. extremely thick jihou

　　yinqiguoboercuiruo。boruodeyaowei，duidikangbengliedenengli，dangranburuhoushizhezhiweiqiang。danshiyaoweizhixuyouxieweihoudu，bianyizugoujianshi，guohoudeyaoweishizuanshibaoliulebuqieshijidezhongliang，yishizuanshixiandehoubenermianjibianxiao，guguohouhuoguobodeyaoweidoubushilianghaodeyaowei。 yaoweidehoududangranyihouboshizhongweizuilixiang，danshizuanshidechengpinxicongzuanshideyuanshijiejingtiqiemoerlai，tianranjiejingtidexingzhuangnanmianyoubujinjunyunlixiangzhichu，yincishijishangsuojiandeyaoweiwangwangyouhoubobujundexianxiang。pirujiandingshudeyaoweixiangxiaruojizaizhethin to slthick(bozhichenghou)，jibiaoshixieyaoweiyouyibufenweibo、yibufenweishizhong、yibufenweishaohou，qizhongzuizhaibufenweibo，zuikuanbufenweishaohou。houbobufendefenpeibuyidingpingjun，youshibodebufenduoerhoudebufenshao，youshihoudebufenjiaobodebufenduo。

　　houbodefenpeiyipingjunerjianjinweiliang，tanghouchuturanbianbo，zeyaoweixiandebupingzhengerchengxianbolangxing，zheizhongyaoweiyingshiweiduichengshangdequexianzhiyi。yaoweihoubosuokuayuejishuyuduo，biaoshiqibupingzhengeryuweibuliang。chengxianbolangxingdeyaoweibiaoshidibukemianpailiedejiaodubuyizhi，huozaiyaoweixiayoujiaodadetianrancaomianhuoewaikemian。giazhijiluyaoweidehoudushiyongmuceguji，bingbushijiceliangqibaifenbi，

　　suoyitongchangshiyongshangshubazhongqingxingxushuhouboqingkuang，erbujiluqibaifenbi。

　　(er)mogongqingkuang(smoothness of girdle)：

　　chulemoguanghuoyoukemiandeyaoweiwai，zhengchangdeyaoweiyingsibaiwubanbantouming，biaomianfeichangpinghua。

　　ruguomobianshiguoyucuxinhuojicu，cucaobuping，chengweicucaoyaowei(rough girdle)。

　　yijingmoguangdeyaoweijilu：polished。youkemiandeyaoweijiluweifaceted。xizhi、moguanghuoyoukemiandeyaoweidouyingshiweilianghaodeyaowei，jinyoucucaodeyaoweiyingshiweiqiemozhiyi，erlvejiansunzuanshidemeiguan。

　　yaoweishangruguochuxianxuliewen，chengweixubian(beardedhuofeathered girdle)。xubiantongchangbubiaoshiyufutushang，jinjizaiyubeizhulannei。yizhaogiazhi，ruoyaoweichuxianmingxianxuliewendezuanshi，qijingdudengjijiulieruchunjingji(fl)huoneibuchunjingji(if)。

　　七、尖底面(CULET)

　　zaimingliangxingwushibakemianzhizhong，jianmianyisuanzuoyimian，qidaxiaoyicifenweixialie：

　　1.　pointedhuonone　　　　　　wu

　　2.　very small　　　　　　　henxiao

　　3.　small 　　　　　　　　　　xiao

　　4.　medium bsp　　　　　　　shizhong

　　5.　slightly large　　　　　xida

　　6.　large 　　　　　　　　　　da

　　7.　very large 　　　　　　　henda

　　8.　extremely large　　　　jida

　　jiandimiandedaxiaoduiyuzuanshideguangcaiyujiazhibingwumingxiandeyingxiang，yibanzhengchangdejiandimianyingweixiaohuoshizhong。meiyoujiandimianrongyishimianjianduanbengzhe。guodadejiandimianmuqianyihenshaojian，suijiaobuyaguan，danrujiangdibushaoweixiumo，jinsunshiweixiaozhongliang，jiunenggaizhengguolai。

　　duiyuweimoguang、cucaohuokansiyixiaobaidiandejiandi，tongchangchengzhiweirough，mosunhuoduanliedejiandizechengweiabradedhuochipped。zheierzhongbuzhengchangdejiandiyingyuzhongxinxiumo，danbingfeiyanzhongdequexian。

　　八、修饰(FINISH)磨光(POLISH)对称(SYMMETRY)

　　moguangshizhizuanshibiaomianmeiyikemianpaoguangxinidechengdu，zhuyaoshipanduanyouwumingxiandemolunwen(wheel mark)huoshaoshanghen(burn mark)decunzai。

　　yangelaijiang，zuanshiduichengdefenxiyingfenweierdalei：

　　yishiyanzhongxingdehuochengzhuyao(major)duichengbuliang，yingguinayubilvfanweikaolv，erxushuyubeizhulannei。

　　ershiqingweixingdehuochengciyao(minor)duichengbuliang，xizhikemiandexingzhuanghepailieshifouqizhenghuoqiadang，yinglieweixiushifanweinei，jinzonghepanduanqiyouliedengji，jizaiyuduichenglannei。fenximoguangyuduichengdeyouliechengdu，tongchangyixialiewujiweipingdingbiaozhun：

　　excellent 　　　　youliang

　　very good 　　　　henhao

　　good 　　　　　　　 hao

　　fair　　　　　　　 shangke

　　poor　　　　　　　 buliang

　　zaisuoyoubaoshizhizhong，zuiweijiangjiumoguangyuduichengde，yingshuyuzuanshi。yanzhongdemoguanghuoduichengbuliang，zhishiliwai，feichanghanjian，ruonengfaxianshishangyingyubeizhulanneijiayishuoming。zuanshiqiemodeyouliangyufou，bunengzhiping「xiushi」lanneimoguangyuduichengdeyouliejingyupanduan，gengxukaolvzhenggezuanshideqiemobilvyujiaodushifouqiadang。

　　shishishang，moguangyuduichengyingxiangzuanshidejiazhi，meixiangjinxianyuhenxiaodebaifenbi。tongchangyuezai1~2%fanweinei，henshaodadao3%，yinweibuliangdemoguanghuoduichengnengyizhongxinmoguanghuolvejiaxiuzhengergaizhengguolai，danbilvhuojiaodubuhehubiaozhun，jiaonanyuxiugai，ruoyuxiugai，zezhongliangdesunshijiaoduo，guduizuanshiqiemozhilianggaodideyingxiangjiaoda。

　　九、净度等级(CLARITY GRADE)

　　zheishizuanshi4cdedi3gec，jingdudengjidehuafenjunyishibeifangdaguanchaweibiaozhun.zaishibeifangdaxiabunengchajuedaodeweixibiaomiantezhenghuoneihanwu，bingbuyingxiangjingdudengjipanding，danbixuzhuyishide，giazhixishiyongshuangmubaoshixianweijingweipanduanjingdudengjidegongju，zuihoubingyongshouchishibeifangdajingzaijiayifuhe。

　　zaisuoyouzuanshijiandingxiangmuzhong，zuiweizhuguandeyingweijingdudengji。yinweimeiyouerkezuanshidebiaomiantezhenghuoneihanwuwanquanxiangtong。bixuyikaojiandingzhedejingyanyuyipanduanbingjuedingqidengji。suoyipanshierrenjingdudengjizuihaoweiyoujingyanfeichangfengfudejiandingrenyuanweizhi，bingqiebimianyouyirenduduan，zuihaojingyoulingyibuxiangganhebuzhiqingderenfuhe，cainengjianshaoyinguofenzhuguanerfashengdepiancha。lirugtlbianyouerrenpingpanjingdudengji，ruoyuflhuoifdengjihuozheliangchuheyijianbutongshi，zeyoudisanzhejiayifuhe。

　　youyufuhechunjingjitiaojiandezuanshifeichangxishao，suoyiyibanzuanshijiaoyijunyineibuchunjingjiweizuigaojingdudengji(suchengquanmei)。jingdunaizuanshineibuhuowaibusuobaohantezhengdengjimiaoshu，giabingbugulijiangqichengweixiaci，yinxiacijuyoufumianyiyi。vvsjiyouyuchaoxiaodeneihanwu，rongyibeirenwujieweiquanmei。liruvsjideneihanwuzeshangbuyingxiangzuanshidemeiliyunaijiuxing。

　　净度等级图例

　　panduanjingdudengjierchakantezhengshi，xuduizuanshineiwaidesuoyoutezhengzuozhengtizonghekaolv，zheibaokuo：daxiao、shuliang、weizhi、xingzhi、yansejishifoutuxian，qicishiduizuanshinaijiuxingyingxiang。zaishibeifangdaguanchaxia，zhaochuzuimingxiandexiacihou，wangwangjinengduandingqijingdudengji，qitalingxingerbumingxiandexiaoxiaci，shenshaoyingxiangqijingdudengjidepanduan。suoyipanduanjingdudengjizuizhuyaodeshitezhengdeyijianchengdu，bingfeifuhetiaojianzhengshudetumianshangjishuzheqishuliangdeduogua。weixiaodebiaomiantezheng(blemishes，lirutianrancaomian、ewaikemian、molunwen、guashangwen、mosunhen、shangkou、shanghendengdeng)chulefenbianchunjingjiyuneibuchunjingjiwai，bingbuyingxiangqitadengji。

　　duiyucizhongweixiaodebiaomiantezheng，chutianrancaomianjiewaikemianwaigtlbingbubiaoshiyuzhengshuneitushang，jinjizaizheminor detail of finish(polish) not shownmoguangfangmiandeciyaoxijieweixianshiyufutushanglaishuoming，ranerqineibuzuoyedegongzuotushangquedouxiangximiaohuazhe。danshiyouxiejingyanbuzudejiandingshi，quebacixiebiaomiantezhengwuweineihanwu，yizhibaneibuchunjingjiwuduanweivvs1ji。haiyou，zaishibeiyishangfangdaguanchaxia，caikandejiandeneiwaitezhengyinghulvebuji，yibuxubiaoshiyutushang。

　　十、成色等级(COLOR GRADE)

　　zheishizuanshi4cdedisigec，daduoshuhanyouyansedezuanshidoushuyuhuangsexilie。qitayansedezuanshijiaoweixishao，qieqiyanserumingxianshijunshuyucaisezuanshifanwei，guzuanshichengsedengjidehuafen，jinxianyuhanyouhuangsedezuanshi。shijieshangsuoyouchengsedengjizhiduzhong，fenjizuiweishenmiqieqieheshijiyingyongzhe，shoutuimeiguobaoshixueyuan(gia)suochuanglidechengsefenjizhidu。shizhijintian，qizhiduyijingchengweiguojijianzuizhimingdezuanshichengsefenjibiaozhun，xuduoguojiahuodiqudoucankaocibiaozhunbingdiaozhengqizijidezhidu，huozhijieyinyongzheiyichengsefenjizhidudedengjimingcheng。

　　meiguobaoshixueyuandechengsefenjizhidu，xishiyongyingwenzimudaibiaochengsedengji，yidkaishiweizuigaochengsedengjierbuyonga、b、c。meiyiyingwenzimudaibiaomeiyijidechengsefanwei，erbushimouyidiantedingdechengseweizhi，zhiyougejibiaozhunchengsezuanshicaibixuweiyugaijizuigaochengseweizhi，suoyipubianzuanshijiandingzhengshusuilieweitongjichengsedegekezuanshi，youshirenghuiyouxiweideshangxiazhifen。

　　defsanjitongwuse，wulunzhengfanmianguancha，buhuxiangbijiao，junweiwuse。ghijsijizhecongzhengmianzhakanshiyidouweiwuse，

　　klmsanjicongzhengmianguanchashijindazuanshicaihuikanchuweiweidedanhuangse。njiyixiayibanrendouhuikanchuqidanhuangsediao，yizhizweizuidichengsedengji。huangsedenongduchaoguozjishizeweicaihuangse，yiqinongdanyoufenweidancaihuang(fancy light yellow)caihuang(fancy yellow)jixianmingcaihuang(fancy intense yellow)sanji。qitagezhongcaisezuanshiyitongyangfencisanji。

　　chengsedengjidehuafen(giazhi)

　　anzhaogiazhi，meiyiyingwenzimudaibiaogaijidechengsefanwei，erbushitedingdeweizhi，zhiyoubiaozhunchengsezuanshicaibixuweiyugaijizuigaochengsedeweizhi。pirubeifenjidezuanshigaoyubiaozhunchengsezuanshie，jishuyudji，gaoyufjiweieji，gaoyugjiweifji，yuleitui：huanyanzhi，zaibiaozhunshigyuhzhijianweigji，wangbiaozhunshihyuizhijianzheweihji，zaibiaozhunshiiyujzhijianzheweiiji，yuleitui。

　　成色-名称的由来

　　chengsezheiyimingmingchengshibizhaohuangjindehanjinliangerlai，huangjinsuohanzazhiyushao，yijihanjinliangyuduo，zechengseyugao。zuanshihanyouhuangse，rutonghuangjinsuohandezazhi，huangseyushaozechengseyugao。duiyuchengsefenjiyingyouderenshi

　　zaozai1940niandai，meiguobaoshixueyuanjifaminglechengsefenxiyi(colori-meter)，gaiyiqihoulaisuijinggailiang，xingnengrengranyouxian，bingbupubianshiyongyurenhezuanshi，zhuyaoyuanyinshiyingxiangchengsegaodidegezhongyinsubingweiwanquanmingle。erqiezuanshichengseshouqiemobilv、yingguangfanying、toumingdujihanyouzasedengdengyinsudeyingxiang。suoyimeiguobaoshixueyuanrengcaiyongzhenzhengdezuanshizuoweibiaozhunchengsezuanshi，juyifenbiangejichengse，tongshiyucegaiyiqiruoyaojinrupubianshiyongjieduan，sihurengranyaoyaowuqi。

　　muqianshijiegedidebaoshijiandingshi，ruguoyigiazhiweizuanshichengsefenjibiaozhun，zebixubeiyouyitaojinggiajiandinghegedebiaozhunchengsezuanshi(master color dia-mondshuochengmaster diamonds)，fouzechengsefenjiwufayuqizhiduwanquanwenhe，yizhichanshengpiangaohuopiandidexianxiang，ersangshibiaozhun。jinnianlaiyourenshiyongrenzaodecubic zirconia(jianchengcz)daitizhenzhengzuanshizuobiaozhunchengsezuanshizhiyong，buguomeiguobaoshixueyuanbingbuzanchengcifa，zhuyaoyinwei

　　(yi)czdehuangsezetongzhengchangzuanshihuangsezelveyoubutong，jiurutonghesehuohuisezuanshihennantonghuangsezuanshibijiaochengsegaodiyiyang。

　　(er)czdehuoguang(sesanguang)bizuanshiqiang，huiyingxiangpanduanchengsedezhunquexing。

　　(san)czyansedewendingxingbujia，guoyiduanshiqihou，chengsedengjiziranfashengbianhua。suoyimeiguobaoshixueyuanjujuejiandingczweibiaozhunchengsezuanshi。

　　zuanshishoudaowailainengyuandeciji，tongchangzhibaoluyuziwaiguangxianxiashi，suofashengdefanyingyanseguang。

　　依其强弱分为

　　(yi)nonemeiyou，

　　(er)faintweiruo，

　　(san)mediumzhongdu，

　　(si)strongqianglie，

　　(wu)very stronghenqiangdengwuji。

　　qizhongfaintbingbujizaiqiyingguangfanyingyanse。

　　十一、荧光反应

　　jinzuanshijiandingzhengshushangsuoceshixiangmuzhiyi，suojizaideqiangruojiyanse，duiyuzuanshidejiazhishenshaofashengyingxiang，ruyingguangfanyingweilansehuohuangse，bingbubiaoshigaizuanshibenshenjiweilanse ,huangse，zuanshichengsedegaoqixiyibenshenhuangsenongdanweipandingbiaozhun，erbushiyiyingguangfanyingyansewei yiju。

　　youyibufenzuanshizaiziwaiguangxianzhaoshexianengfachuyingguang，guangdudeqiangruobuyi，daduoshufalansedeyingguang。tu(a)hetu(b)shitongyipizuanshi，tu(a)shizaiputongguangxianxiasuokandaodemoyang，tu(b)shizheixiezuanshizaiziwaixianzhaoshexiasuofashengdeyingguangfanying，zheipizuanshishiteyixuanchuyouyingguangfanyingde，bingfeisuoyoudezuanshidouyouyingguangfanying。

　　riguangheyingguangdengdeguangxianneihanyouziwaiguangxian，shiyouyingguangfanyingdezuanshikanlaitebieminglianghemeili。zhishiyingguangfanyingtebieqiangliedezuanshizhizhong，youyibufenzuanshihuiyinciyingxiangleqitoumingdu，guyingguangfanyingtebieqiangliedezuanshiyibingbuyingxiangqitoumingzheweiyouliang。

　　十二、备注(COMMENTS)

　　beizhulanxibushuyixiewufalierushangshushulanneihuowuxumiaohuayufutushangdezuanshitezheng，li：

　　(yi) mailiwenhuochengluanjingwen(graininghuograin lines)：mailiwenchufei xianseyouyanse、fanguanghuofabai，tongchangbushiweineihantezheng，yibumiaohuayufutushang。mailiwenyiqichuxiandemingxianchengdufenwei(1)nilmeiyou;(2)slightqingwei;(3)moderateyijian;(4)significantmingxiandengsiji，jinyouchuxianmingxiandemailiwencaijishuyucilannei。liru：surface graining is not shown(biaomianjiejingwenweixianshiyufutushang)。internal grain lines are not shown(neibujiejingwenweixianshiyufutushang)。

　　(er) bingbumiaohuayufutushangde。liru：minor details of polishes are not shown(moguangfangmiandeciyaoxijieweixianshiyufutushang)。additional pinpoints are not shown(lingwaiyouyixiezhendianweixianshiyufutushang)。

　　(san) zhuyaodebilv、jiaoduhuoduichengbuliang。liru：crown angles are greater than 35 degrees(guanbugaodudayu35 du)。